Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. In the decolonisation of the developing world, the phrase the white man's burden is synonymous with colonial domination, to illustrate the falsity of the good intentions of Western neo New Forces in Old China: An Inevitable Awakening(New York: F.H. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. 4, pp. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. China in Convulsion. Maineexploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. Chinas Worn Out Traditionsrepresented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynastyare about to be cut with the shears of 19th Century Progress., Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. European countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations such as Africa and Asia. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. Kiplings Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. Think It Over: All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. Now there are thirteen on this one street! Gambone, Robert L.Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. Harpers Weeklylater echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. As the golden goose, Chinas perceived mass market was to be protected for free trade against takeover by increasingly assertive foreign powers. Probably the oldest perspective on But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. 13, No. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. May 26, 2022. Udo Keppler, a Puck cartoonist who was still in his twenties at the time, was more benign in his rendering of the great rapprochement. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. Their diverse identities, however, reflect the global reach and ethnic diversity of the British empireand the extent to which England relied on colonial subjects to fight its imperialist wars. Lhumanit de nos soldats est admirable et ne se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors (Rapport officiel au War Office. (ISSN 1961-9898). Lifepublished many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggressiondespoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocideoften awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. The White Mans Burden was used by both pro- and anti-imperialist factions. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. 301-314 (2010). Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. Europeans often held racist ideas of their own superiority to those in foreign lands. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900,view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. 1 (October 7, 2013). Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. Expert Help. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Native people in the countries that were being colonized did not agree with imperialist policies. Europeans had a duty to introduce the benefits of their civilization to non-European peoples is the statement which best expresses the Western perspective regarding Rudyard Kipling's "white Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. Hevia, James Louis. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. Jones, Toby Craig. 4, pp. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. The White (!) French Satirical Drawings from LAssiette au Beurre(New York: Dover Publications, 1978). Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. copyright owner. Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. TheLifecartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Penguin Press. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. An exclamation point was added to the phrase, The White (!) Facebook. The Laureate of Empire.Raritan: A Quarterly Review. As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. It was to change the darkest spot in darkest Africa back again into a land flowing with milk and honey that Great Britain took over the tremendous burden of administration from the Niger Company, and sent one of its greatest ' Africans ' (Sir F. D. Lugard) with a small body of earnest men into the 'White Man's Grave. In order to fully get along in society, indigenous populations had to assimilate to the colonists culture and many times abandon their own. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. The material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving it for research and educational purposes. 77-99 (2011). Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of theLifecartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. The Centre for Research on Globalization will not be responsible for any inaccurate or incorrect statement in this article. The world view that Rudyard Kipling and other proponents of colonialism believed in was one in which the white man was the guardian and protector of the planet and its people. Silence). A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909., Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US., Faunce, Rev. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Cohen, Paul A. 3, pp. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. Many politicians used the phrase and its views as the basis for their imperialist and racist policies. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains.Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Spencer, David R. No Laughing Matter. Western leaders eagerly embraced the doctrine of the white man's burden because it was a convenient justification for their expansionist policies. Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. The war was declared over by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902 but continued in parts of the country until 1913. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. Source:Wikimedia. William!! Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). "'The White Man's Burden' and Its Critics" Jim Zwick is an American Studies scholar and author of Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League and Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, as well as numerous book chapters and journal and magazine articles about the Anti-Imperialist A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of theVisualizing Culturesproject at M.I.T. Brown, Arthur Judson. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain., Spencer, David R. No Laughing Matter. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published byLifein April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. As early as mid 1899, for example,Lifecalled attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: Its all a matter of perspective. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue ofPuck. Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,The AsiaPacific Journal, Vol. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. Revell, 1904). Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). Tan, Chester C.The Boxer Catastrophe. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. Skulls dot the landscape ahead inLifes grim rendering. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. Backed by the formidable Royal Navy, Britain could maintain a policy of splendid isolation independent of European alliances for much of the century. The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. Supporters of imperialism in Europe and the United States believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new technology and growth. In his 1898 notes for the Treaty of Pariswhich ended the Spanish-American War with Spain surrendering Cuba and ceding territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesMcKinley made a prototypical statement of the civilizers responsibilities in the kind of rhetoric still used today: We took up arms only in obedience to the dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. Historical perspective. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? XII, No. Priests Horribly Tortured. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. At the time, however, Twains family, acquaintances, and publisher feared the piece would be denounced as both unpatriotic and sacrilegious, and urged him not to publish it. Study Resources. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Bello, Walden. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. Source:Library of Congress. A rescue expedition made up of troops from eight nations, under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour, left Tianjin for Beijing. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. 5 vols. View Copy of White Man's Cullinane, M. Patrick. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress,Puckon occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. The anti-imperialistLifemagazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. Twain went along, partly out of concern for his family, and The War Prayer was not published until 1916, six years after his death. The famous American writer Mark Twain, for example, wrote a response, "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" that was critical of imperialism and mocked those who thought they were more enlightened than the indigenous people of these areas. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. , Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the Qing government forces to the! Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the circle... Collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different view of the Boers ( Official to... Cartoons from the Midwestern States with a stranger entering the church and delivering devastating... Held racist ideas of their own and Luddites as Heroes and Villains.Theory and Society16 ( 5:675.: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University by a mandarin and Wanted signs prodigious. Rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during Philippine-American! 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