Each town had their own troop of wrestlers, called Pahlavans. Another official selected by the consensus of the local community was the kadkhoda, who functioned as a common law administrator. [31] The establishment of Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Safavid Iran led to various f orders (tariqa) openly declaring their Shte position, and others to promptly assume Sha Islam. Humayun was not the only royal figure to seek refuge at Tahmasp's court. A separate official, the Commander-in-Chief, was appointed to be the head of these officials. He returned to Kartli, and in two punitive campaigns he devastated Tbilisi, killed 6070,000 Kakheti Georgian peasants, and deported between 130,000 and 200,000 Georgian captives to mainland Iran. It rejected the use of reasoning in deriving verdicts and believed that only the Quran, hadith, (prophetic sayings and recorded opinions of the Imams) and consensus should be used as sources to derive verdicts (fatw). The exercises that they took part in were for keeping the body supple and sturdy and to acquire skills in handling of arms. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Iran&oldid=1128652747, Shahsevans: these were 12,000 strong and built up from the small group of, Ghulams: Tahmasp I had started introducing huge amounts of, Musketeers: realizing the advantages that the Ottomans had because of their firearms, Shah Abbas was at pains to equip both the qurchi and the ghulam soldiers with up-to-date weaponry. Abbas I recognized the commercial benefit of promoting the artsartisan products provided much of Iran's foreign trade. The Middle Ages had seen a series of invasions of Iran by Turks, Mongols, and others. Ismail sought to reintroduce Sunni orthodoxy. The land-borne trade would thus continue to provide the bulk of revenues to the Iranian state from transit taxes. [251] According to Professor Roger Savory:[252][253]. Indeed, one of the greatest legacies of the Safavids is the architecture. Their rise was attributed to their strong military presence, trade and economic gain, religious tolerance and ideology that rulers should be chosen by ability not class or wealth. The next most important mount, when traveling through Iran, was the mule. It was perhaps to perpetuate the distinction of Persian from Arabic culture that attracted the Iranians towards Shi'a Islamthe heartland and sacred sites of Sunni Islam would always be in the Arabian peninsula. Although the first slave soldiers would not be organized until the reign of Abbas I, during Tahmsp's time Caucasians would already become important members of the royal household, Harem and in the civil and military administration,[86][87] and by that becoming their way of eventually becoming an integral part of the society. Women with slender waists were regarded as more attractive than those with larger figures. [83] Although the first slave soldiers would not be organized until the reign of Abbas I, during Tahmasp's reign, Caucasians already became important members of the royal household, Harem and in the civil and military administration,[86][87] and were on their way of becoming an integral part of society. The Safavid empire had a strong social structure with kings and royals at the top and peasants at the bottom. With his new army, Abbs defeated the Turks in 1603, forcing them to relinquish all the territory they had seized, and captured Baghdad. [90] Shortly after the installation of Ismail II on August 22, 1576, Haydar was beheaded. The Safavid Empire lasted from 1501-1722. [83] According to Encyclopdia Iranica, this would be the starting point for the corps of the olmn-e a-ye-e arifa, or royal slaves, who would dominate the Safavid military for most of the empire's length. Once known as Persia, the area encompassing and surrounding modern day Iran has seen many empires rise and fall. In describing the lady's clothing, he noted that Persian dress revealed more of the figure than did the European, but that women appeared differently depending on whether they were at home in the presence of friends and family, or if they were in the public. [65] This court intrigue lead directly to tribal conflict. [97] Pari Khn Khnum could master strong support among the Qizilbash, and her uncle, Shamkhal Sultan, was a prominent Circassian who held a high official position. [190], As for the royal household, the highest post was that of the Nazir, Court Minister. He then besieged the capital of Isfahan, until Shah Soltan Hoseyn abdicated and acknowledged him as the new king of Iran. Tobacco grew all over the country and was as strong as that grown in Brazil. This trading route proved to be of vital importance, especially during times of war with the Ottomans. [195] Abbas himself was able to speak Georgian as well. Mulla Sadra has become the dominant philosopher of the Islamic East, and his approach to the nature of philosophy has been exceptionally influential up to this day. It became more identifiably Shi'a in its orientation around the year 1400. In Esposito, John L. Following the conquest of Iran, Ismail I made conversion mandatory for the largely Sunni population. Suleiman's favourite wife, Hrrem Sultan, was eager for her son, Selim, to become the next sultan. A new age in Iranian architecture began with the rise of the Safavid dynasty. In the second half of the 9th/ 15th century, a religious, political and military movement was initiated under the leadership of Shaykh Junayd and Shaykh Haydar, the grandfather and father of Isma'il I. Between 1508 and 1524, the year of Ismail's death, the shah appointed five successive Persians to the office of vakil. By 1511, the Uzbeks in the north-east were driven across the Oxus River where they captured Samarkand establishing the Shaibanid dynasty, and from which they would continue to attack the Safavids. Due to his fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. Poetry stagnated under the Safavids; the great medieval ghazal form languished in over-the-top lyricism. By the time of the orders fourth leader, Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii. On Tahmsps death support for a successor coalesced around two of his nine sons; the support divided on ethnic linesIsmail was supported by most of the Turkmen tribes as well as his sister Pari Khn Khnum, her Circassian uncle Shamkhal Sultan as well as the rest of the Circassians, while Haydar was mostly supported by the Georgians at court although he also had support from the Turkmen Ustajlu. Immediately after Nader Shah's assassination in 1747 and the disintegration of his short-lived empire, the Safavids were re-appointed as shahs of Iran in order to lend legitimacy to the nascent Zand dynasty. Also, there were the quazi-religious fraternities called futuvva, which were run by local dervishes. Iranian rule had been fully restored over eastern Georgia, but the Georgian territories would continue to produce resistance to Safavid enroachments from 1624 until Abbas' death. Anthony Bryer. In addition to fighting its perennial enemies, the Ottomans and Uzbeks, as the seventeenth century progressed, Iran had to contend with the rise of two more neighbors. The Mughals adhered (for the most part) to a tolerant Sunni Islam while ruling a largely Hindu population. [136][137] Henceforward, the number of diplomatic missions to and fro greatly increased. [57], Although Ismil I initially gained mastery over Azerbaijan alone, the Safavids ultimately won the struggle for power over all of Iran, which had been going on for nearly a century between various dynasties and political forces. After the decline of the Timurid Empire (13701506), Iran was politically splintered, giving rise to a number of religious movements. The Safavids were members of a Sufi tariqa (path of spiritual journey) founded in the 7th/ 13th century by Shaykh Safi al-Din Ardabili. They would adorn their clothes, wearing stones and decorate the harness of their horses. The Timurid Empire (Persian: ), self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: Grkniyn), was a late medieval, culturally Persianate, Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, as well as most of contemporary Pakistan and parts of contemporary . [244], Safavids also used Persian as a cultural and administrative language throughout the empire and were bilingual in Persian. During the Safavid period Azerbaijani Turkish, or, as it was also referred to at that time, Qizilbash Turkish, occupied an important place in society, and it was spoken both atcourt and by the common people. [141], Due to his obsessive fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. Although in those campaigns (and in 1554) the Ottomans captured Tabriz, they lacked a communications line sufficient to occupy it for long. Restoring Persia as a major center of political power and cultural creativity, they also established one of the strongest and most enduring centers of Shi'ism within the Islamic world. There had been, however, Shi'a communities in some cities like Qom and Sabzevar as early as eighth century. The primary court language [with Abbas I's reign (r. 15881629)] remained Turkish. The Mughal empire was forced into a heavy tribute. The Empire's economic strength came from its location on the . The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501 by Shh Ism'l I. In this way, one of his sons was executed and two were blinded. The Silk Road which led through northern Iran was revived in the 16th century. The army divisions were: Ghulams ("crown servants or slaves" usually conscripted from Armenian, Georgian, and Circassian lands), Tofongchis (musketeers), and Topchis (artillery-men). Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-safavid-empire-195397. The beginning of the seventeenth century saw the power of the Qizilbashthe original militia that had helped Ismail I capture Tabriz and which over the century had insinuated themselves as entitled bureaucrats in the administrationdeclined. The first Safavid king, Esml I (907-30/1501-24), initiated a process of political and religious change in Persia that profoundly affected the economic structure. The Persians schools of thought were the true heirs of the great Islamic thinkers of the golden age of Islam, whereas in the Ottoman empire there was an intellectual stagnation, as far as the traditions of Islamic philosophy were concerned. The Judge is seated at one end of the room having a writer and a man of law by his side. Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. After Uzun Hassan's death, his son Ya'qub felt threatened by the growing Safavid religious influence. The language chiefly used by the Safavid court and military establishment was Azerbaijani. R. Matthee. Although Turkish was widely spoken in Safavid Iran this fact is rarely mentioned. Contacts with the Pope, Poland and Moscow were no more fruitful. Shah Ismail I was the first of the Safavids to try to establish once again an alliance against the common Ottoman enemy through the earlier stages of the HabsburgPersian alliance, but this also proved to be largely unfruitful during his reign. Eventually Abbas became frustrated with Spain, as he did with the Holy Roman Empire, which wanted him to make his over 400,000 Armenian subjects swear allegiance to the Pope but did not trouble to inform the shah when the Emperor Rudolf signed a peace treaty with the Ottomans. The standing army created by Abbas consisted of: (1) 10,00015,000 cavalry ghulm regiments solely composed of ethnic Caucasians, armed with muskets in addition to the usual weapons (then the largest cavalry in the world[115]); (2) a corps of musketeers, tufangchiyn, mainly Iranians, originally foot soldiers but eventually mounted, and (3) a corps of artillerymen, tpchiyn. The more than century of tug-of-war accentuated the Sunni and Shi'a rift in Iraq. Stanford Jay Shaw. Chardin described one such event:[163]. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. [197] In time, this proved to become a burden to the people that were under the direct rule of the Shah, as these commissioners, unlike the former governors, had little knowledge about the local communities that they controlled and were primarily interested in increasing the income of the Shah. One of the strikingly significant things about the Safavid dynasty--a religious order that over the centuries took on military and political elements--is the many wars that were fought. Rather than rely on another Turkmen tribe, he appointed a Persian wakl. From here, Persian traders ventured eastwards to Southeast Asian kingdoms, most notably Ayutthaya Siam, where influential Persian families like the Bunnag helped foster cordial diplomatic relations between Thailand and Iran, as evidenced in the expedition of Suleyman's Ship. [95] Mohammad would rule for 10 years, and his sister at first dominated the court, but she fell in the first of many intrigues which continued even though the Uzbeks and Ottomans again used the opportunity to threaten Safavid territory. The first two years of Tahmsp's reign was consumed with Div Sultns efforts to eliminate Ustajlu from power. Since two other sons had predeceased him, the result was a personal tragedy for Shah Abbas. Th is paper examines the organizing ideological and infrastructural principles of the Safavid state structure and questions whether the Safavid state had the capacity and universality to qualify as an empire. In the Safavid empire the land was arid making it hard for agriculture to thrive. History of the Ottoman Empire. These cities were later inherited by his Abdali Afghan military commander, Ahmad Shah Durrani, who would go on to found the Durrani Empire in 1747. Soltan Hoseyn (16941722) in particular was known for his love of wine and disinterest in governance. The treaty was the first formal diplomatic recognition of the Safavid Empire by the Ottomans. According to Encyclopdia Iranica, for Tahmsp, the problem circled around the military tribal elite of the empire, the Qezelb, who believed that physical proximity to and control of a member of the immediate Safavid family guaranteed spiritual advantages, political fortune, and material advancement. [162], Since pre-Islamic times, the sport of wrestling had been an integral part of the Iranian identity, and the professional wrestlers, who performed in Zurkhanehs, were considered important members of the society. Astrakhan came under Russian rule, nearing the Safavid possessions in Dagestan. Abbas I also supported direct trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands which sought Persian carpet, silk and textiles. [133] Abbas's attitude, however, was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller Anthony Jenkinson from his court on hearing he was a Christian. Although the expedition never managed to return to Iran, being shipwrecked on the journey around Africa, it marked an important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe. Whether Abbas had fully formed his strategy at the onset, at least in retrospect his method of restoring the shah's authority involved three phases: (1) restoration of internal security and law and order; (2) recovery of the eastern territories from the Uzbeks; and (3) recovery of the western territories from the Ottomans. Tasmsp at the same time removed his son Ismail from his Qizilbash followers and imprisoned him at Qahqaha. According to Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi,[250]. After the death of Babur, his son Humayun was ousted from his territories and threatened by his half-brother and rival, who had inherited the northern part of Babur's territories. The Shumlu leader, Ali Quli Khan, however, holed himself inside Herat with Abbas. Lack of investment in ship building and the navy provided the Europeans with the opportunity to monopolize this trading route. The Portuguese Empire and the discovery of the trading route around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 not only hit a death blow to Venice as a trading nation, but it also hurt the trade that was going on along the Silk Road and especially the Persian Gulf. Tahmasp then handed the prince over to the Ottoman ambassador. Abbas I first fought the Uzbeks, recapturing Herat and Mashhad, in 1598. What are the religious beliefs of the Safavid Empire? Period 3 April 6, 2011 Safavid and Mughal Mughal and Safavid were a few of the strongest empires in their time. The revenue came not so much from exports, as from the custom charges and transit dues levied on goods passing through the country. Abbas also moved the capital to Isfahan, deeper into central Iran. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In response, a Ghilzai Pashtun chieftain named Mir Wais Khan began a rebellion against the Georgian governor, Gurgin Khan, of Kandahar and defeated a Safavid army. During the three centuries 1500-1800 the technology, organization, and ethnography of Persian agriculture, animal husbandry, manufacturing, and accounting underwent partial change. He was declared Shah of Iran in 1502. In 1585 two events occurred that would combine to break the impasse among the Qizilbash. Blow, David. The dynasty was very powerful and its members belonged to a very unique Sufi infused Shia Islam called the Safaviyya. Safavid history begins with the establishment of the Safaviyya by its eponymous founder Safi-ad-din Ardabili (12521334). Yet over the course of ten years Abbas was able, using cautiously-timed but nonetheless decisive steps, to affect a profound transformation of Safavid administration and military, throw back the foreign invaders, and preside over a flourishing of Persian art. All other religions, and forms of Islam were suppressed. These early, successful governments make the Ottoman Empire one of the most important in history. Then they had a bureaucracy and other classes in which through their own merit they could possible rise up in the ranks. He also used his new force to dislodge the Portuguese from Bahrain (1602) and, with the English navy, from Hormuz (1622) in the Persian Gulf (a vital link in Portuguese trade with India). [156], A proper term for the Safavid society is what we today can call a meritocracy, meaning a society in which officials were appointed on the basis of worth and merit, and not on the basis of birth. Crown prince Hamza Mirza, now 21 years old and director of Safavid affairs, led a force to confront the Ottomans, but in 1586 was murdered under mysterious circumstances. According to historian Roger Savory, "Salim's plan was to winter at Tabriz and complete the conquest of Persia the following spring. Furthermore, the Safavids maintained a sizeable sphere of influence overseas, particularly in the Deccan region of India. It was a high point for the art of the book and architecture; and also including ceramics, metal, glass, and gardens. [182] However, shortly thereafter Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (died 1792), along with other Usuli mujtahids, crushed the Akhbari movement. Robbers had their right wrists amputated the first time, and sentenced to death on any subsequent occasion. Portuguese EmpireType of GovernmentOne of the most powerful of the European colonial empires, the Portuguese Empire was ruled by an absolute monarch. There was a systemic administrative organization in the empire which developed further into a dual system of civil administration and . But the decade of civil war had exposed the empire to foreign danger and Tahmsp had to turn his attention to the repeated raids by the Uzbeks. In the war against the Uzbeks he showed that the Safavids had become a gunpowder empire. Thus Div Soltn emerged victorious in the first palace struggle, but he fell victim to Chuha Sultn of the Takkalu, who turned Tahmsp against his first mentor. It continued until the end of the Qajar reign.[236]. In 1598, when Shah Abbas decided to move the capital of his Iranian empire from the north-western city of Qazvin to the central city of Isfahan, he initiated what would become one of the greatest programmes in Iranian history; the complete remaking of the city. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy. They particularly established monopoly of the spice and porcelain trade between the Far East and Iran. [30] The Safavid Shh Ism'l I established the Twelver denomination of Sha Islam as the official religion of the empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. It was also requested from them that they appoint a lawyer (vakil) to the Court who would inform them on matters pertaining to the provincial affairs. Ferrier, R. W.; A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire; pp 7171. The Ottoman Empire ran for over many centuries and consisted of a complex governmental organization which has the Sultan at the top of the pyramid of the hierarchical structure. The succession was evidently undisputed. In return, they had to keep ready a standing army at all times and provide the Shah with military assistance upon his request. 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